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Commentary

The unintended consequences of deterring cyber attacks through nuclear weapons and international law

Using nuclear deterrence to prevent cyber attacks presents not only ethical and strategic challenges but also significant legal concerns. International law imposes strict limits on the use of force, making a nuclear response to cyber attacks highly questionable. Attribution remains difficult, escalation risks are high, and proportionality concerns persist. YGLN member Verena Jackson writes that a more effective approach would focus on strengthening international norms, improving attribution mechanisms, and—above all—prioritising cyber resilience over expanding nuclear deterrence.

6 February 2025 | Verena Jackson
JRCTMultilateral Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-ProliferationCyberDefenceDeterrenceEmerging technologiesGovernanceHybrid warfareMilitary DoctrineNuclear Arms ControlNuclear SecurityNuclear WeaponsRisk ReductionRussia-West RelationsSecurityWMDsYGLN
Commentary

The CTBT: A success story and keystone for reinforcing the NPT regime ahead of the next 2026 NPT Review Conference

Despite not yet entering into force, the CTBT has seen some remarkable successes in establishing a global norm against nuclear testing and a robust verification system. However, rising geopolitical tensions underscore the urgent need for full ratification. Eleonora Neri of the Younger Generation Leaders Network (YGLN) argues for states to redouble efforts to universalise the Treaty and reinforce global non-proliferation commitments.

30 January 2025 | Eleonora Neri
NPTMultilateral Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-ProliferationNPT ProjectArms ControlCTBTDeterrenceInternational LawMissilesNATONPTNuclear Arms ControlNuclear DisarmamentNuclear SecurityNuclear WeaponsRisk ReductionSecurityWMDsYGLN
Podcast

The Women Leaders podcast: 2025 – Rhetoric and reality from the US

The world shifted on 20 January 2025 with Donald Trump’s return to the White House. His bold actions—exiting the Paris Climate Agreement and World Health Organisation—signal an ambition to not only dismantle Biden’s legacy but elements of the post-war multilateral order. However, much of President Trump’s focus so far has centred on domestic issues, raising questions about the gap we may see between rhetoric and reality in US foreign policy under Trump 2.0. ELN Senior Associate Fellow Ilana Bet-El explores this with Dr Kathleen McInnis.

24 January 2025 | Ilana Bet-El and Florence Ferrando
Russia-West relationsClimate changeDefenceDemocracyDiplomacyEconomyEUEuropeForeign policyInternational LawMiddle EastNATONuclear SecurityPodcastsRisk ReductionRussia-West RelationsSanctionsSecurityTerrorismUnited NationsUnited StatesSenior Associate FellowYGLN
Commentary

In Russia’s perceived war with the West, arms control is collateral damage

Three years into Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and as New START enters its penultimate year in force, Nicholas Lokker writes that Russia is seeking to extricate itself from previously established arms control agreements it perceives as elements of the broader Western-dominated political and security order that it aims to overturn. He also argues that whilst Russia is unwilling to return to the negotiating table now, economics and external pressure from allies could herald a resumption of talks in future.

13 January 2025 | Nicholas Lokker
NPTRussia-WestMultilateral Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-ProliferationNPT ProjectArms ControlConventional Arms ControlCSBMsDefenceDeterrenceDiplomacyEastern EuropeEuropeForeign policyMissilesNATONPTNuclear Arms ControlNuclear SecurityNuclear WeaponsRisk ReductionRussiaRussia-West RelationsUkraineWMDs
Policy brief

Stop the bleeding: How to protect existing NPT disarmament agreements and commitments

Steps to protect the Article 6 acquis on nuclear disarmament are a necessary condition for success of the 2026 NPT RevCon, but there is uncertainty under what political circumstances states parties will convene in 2026. As the nuclear disarmament acquis is currently threatened from many directions, this policy brief considers what steps states parties may take to protect the NPT under different scenarios.

16 December 2024
NPTMultilateral Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-ProliferationNPT ProjectCTBTNPTNPTProjectNuclear Arms ControlNuclear DisarmamentNuclear SecurityNuclear WeaponsELN
Commentary

Bluff and bluster: Why Putin revised Russia’s nuclear doctrine

Last week, President Putin approved changes to Russia’s nuclear doctrine, formally lowering the threshold for Russia’s use of its nuclear weapons. ELN Senior Policy Fellow Rishi Paul writes that these changes have been prompted by Putin’s use of nuclear weapons as tools of coercion, aiming to manipulate shared nuclear risks for intimidation and political leverage and to induce Western caution. However, Putin’s nuclear threats have not fundamentally reshaped Western policies and may underscore the limitations of nuclear coercion as a tool for shaping adversaries’ behaviour.

25 November 2024 | Rishi Paul
Multilateral Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-ProliferationNuclear SecurityNuclear WeaponsRussiaRussia-West RelationsSecurityUkraineELN