Commentary
Île-Longue revisited: Charting a Franco-German nuclear future
French President Emmanuel Macron’s recent speech at the Île-Longue submarine base introduced a long-awaited framework for reconfiguring European deterrence amid an increasingly dangerous and uncertain security landscape. Julia Berghofer and Astrid Chevreuil examine how France’s “forward deterrence” doctrine reshapes Franco-German cooperation, NATO dynamics, and Europe’s nuclear future while addressing emerging disarmament tensions.